Military History

• The Bishops' Wars 1639-40: Religious war between Charles I and the Scottish Covenanters
• The Confederate War 1641-52: Irish Catholics against Protestant English and Scots
• The First Civil War 1642-6: Civil War in England and Wales between King and Parliament
• The Second Civil War 1648: Royalists, Scots and Presbyterians against the New Model Army
• The Third Civil War 1649-51: Charles II attempts to regain the throne of the Three Kingdoms

Foreign Wars, 1652-60

• The First Anglo-Dutch War 1652-4: Naval war between the English and Dutch republics
• The Anglo-Spanish War 1655-60: Cromwell's Protectorate in alliance with France against Spain